
There are currently 48 million people in the U.S. receiving Social Security payments. These payments represented 16.8 percent of the total U.S. budget in 2009, or $675 billion.
The United States Social Security system works by taking in worker payments and paying out benefits for the elderly and disabled if they qualify. Workers pay their share as a part of their payroll taxes. These funds are put into the Social Security Fund that holds treasury bonds. These treasury bonds totaled $2,331,247,228,000 at the end of 2008.
As workers retire, they are paid with the funds that current workers are paying into the system. The treasury bonds are available to Congress to fund government programs, so these funds serve as loans to the government that should be paid back with interest.
The worrying situation is that the Social Security Fund doesn’t hold any marketable assets to secure the contributions that workers have paid in. According to the Office of Management and Budget, there are some claims on the treasury that can’t be paid back without raising taxes, reducing benefits or otherwise borrowing from the public. The large size of the trust fund does not mean that the government has the ability to pay the benefits it owes.
The law was changed in 1983 to create a surplus in the Social Security fund by collecting more in payroll taxes than was needed. Even with this surplus, the Congressional Budget Office has projected that without a change of law, we will have to begin drawing on the interest on the trust fund in 2018. This interest will be exhausted in 2023, and then we will have to begin drawing on the surplus. In 2041 the fund will be exhausted.
There is an argument that increased worker productivity has allowed the Social Security system to continue running smoothly, and it will result in many new retirees. Though there is a decreased ratio of workers to retirees, Social Security still has a surplus. In 1965, there are 5+ workers for every retiree. Today, there are 3.3 workers for every retiree.
Before becoming president, Senator Obama proposed in a 2007 op-ed column to remove the cap on payroll tax. According to Obama, removing this cap would eliminate the Social Security shortfall. This would raise more than $1 trillion by taxing every worker, including workers with an income more than $97,000 at the same tax rate. Currently, those with larger incomes pay smaller percentages of payroll tax.
Another alternative proposed by George W. Bush in 2005 was to create personal accounts. This proposal would give workers the option to set aside some of their payroll taxes to be invested in stock and bond markets. However, with fewer payroll taxes going to the current retirees, taxes would have to be raised or benefits cut to make up the difference.